When someone hosts a party, when governments choose an aid program, or when assistive robots decide what meal to serve to a family, decision‐makers must determine how to help even when their recipients have very different preferences. Which combination of people’s desires should a decision‐maker serve? To provide a potential answer, we turned to psychology: What do people think is best when multiple people have different utilities over options? We developed a quantitative model of what people consider desirable behavior, characterizing (...) participants’ preferences by inferring which combination of “metrics” (maximax, maxsum, maximin, or inequality aversion [IA]) best explained participants’ decisions in a drink‐choosing task. We found that participants’ behavior was best described by the maximin metric, describing the desire to maximize the happiness of the worst‐off person, though participant behavior was also consistent with maximizing group utility (the maxsum metric) and the IA metric to a lesser extent. Participant behavior was consistent across variation in the agents involved and tended to become more maxsum‐oriented when participants were told they were players in the task (Experiment 1). In later experiments, participants maintained maximin behavior across multi‐step tasks rather than shortsightedly focusing on the individual steps therein (Experiment 2, Experiment 3). By repeatedly asking participants what choices they would hope for in an optimal, just decision‐maker, and carefully disambiguating which quantitative metrics describe these nuanced choices, we help constrain the space of what behavior we desire in leaders, artificial intelligence systems helping decision‐makers, and the assistive robots and decision‐makers of the future. (shrink)

Food is intimately associated with the body, and what a person chooses to consume can easily be used to craft one's identity. Food brings people together, in much the same way as culinary preferences can divide. As veganism is gaining traction around the world, this article examines its origins in religious practices, philosophy, literature, and economic trade within the Middle Ages, elucidating how contemporary decisions to abstain from animal consumption mirror medieval ones and further how similar obstacles to this lifestyle (...) exist today. (shrink)

The skin, uniquely positioned at the interface between the human body and the external world, plays a multifaceted immunologic role in human life. In medical practice, early accurate detection of all types of skin tumours is essential to guide appropriate management and improve patients’ survival. The most important issue is to differentiate between malignant skin tumours and benign lesions. The aim of this research is the classification of skin tumours by analysing medical skin tumour dermoscopy images. This paper is focused (...) on a new strategy based on deep convolutional neural networks which have recently shown a state-of-the-art performance to define strategy to automatic classification for skin tumour images. The proposed system is tested on well-known HAM10000 data set. For experimental results, verification is performed and the results are compared with similar researches. (shrink)

The travelling salesman problem (TSP) belongs to the class of NP-hard problems, in which an optimal solution to the problem cannot be obtained within a reasonable computational time for large-sized problems. To address TSP, we propose a hybrid algorithm, called GA-TCTIA-LBSA, in which a genetic algorithm (GA), tour construction and tour improvement algorithms (TCTIAs) and a list-based simulated annealing (LBSA) algorithm are used. The TCTIAs are introduced to generate a first population, and after that, a search is continued with the (...) GA. The problem of premature convergence of the GA to local optimum is tackled by a method called social disaster technique. Afterwards, the LBSA is applied to generate a new population based on one of two proposed operators called packing and judgement day. The proposed algorithm is implemented in the MATLAB environment, and its two variants, called GA-TCTIA-LBSA packing and GA-TCTIA-LBSA judgement day, are tested on symmetric and asymmetric instances from TSPLIB. The overall results demonstrate that the proposed GA-TCTIA-LBSAs offer promising results, particularly for small-sized instances. (shrink)

New trends in the economic systems management in the context of modern global challenges: collective monograph / scientific edited by M. Bezpartochnyi, in 2 Vol. // VUZF University of Finance, Business and Entrepreneurship. – Sofia: VUZF Publishing House “St. Grigorii Bogoslov”, 2020. – Vol. 1. – 309 p.

At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multi-national data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social and Moral Psychology of COVID-19 (N = 51,404) to test the predictive efficacy of constructs from (...) social, moral, cognitive, and personality psychology, as well as socio-demographic factors, in the attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic. The results point to several valuable insights. Internalized moral identity provided the most consistent predictive contribution—individuals perceiving moral traits as central to their self-concept reported higher adherence to preventive measures. Similar was found for morality as cooperation, symbolized moral identity, self-control, open-mindedness, collective narcissism, while the inverse relationship was evident for the endorsement of conspiracy theories. However, we also found a non-negligible variability in the explained variance and predictive contributions with respect to macro-level factors such as the pandemic stage or cultural region. Overall, the results underscore the importance of morality-related and contextual factors in understanding adherence to public health recommendations during the pandemic. (shrink)

In the past 50 years nurse scheduling has received considerable attention in the research community. There are two cases regarding the nurse scheduling problem : the static and dynamic. Dynamic NSP, is often called nurse rerostering problem, which presents reconstruction or modification of the predetermined roster for the current scheduling horizon. The aim of this paper is to present new hybrid strategy for nurse NRRP problem. The proposed methodology is based on efficient cooperation between fuzzy logic, ordered weighted averaging and (...) variable neighbourhood descent search. Complete system is tested, and experimental results are based on real-world dataset obtained from the Oncology Institute of Vojvodina in Serbia. (shrink)

Clustering is one of the most fundamental and essential data analysis tasks with broad applications. It has been studied in various research fields: data mining, machine learning, pattern recognition and in engineering, economics and biomedical data analysis. Headache is not a disease that typically shortens one’s life, but it can be a serious social as well as a health problem. Approximately 27 billion euros per year are lost through reduced work productivity in the European community. This paper is focused on (...) a new strategy based on a hybrid model for combining fuzzy partition method and maximum likelihood estimation clustering algorithm for diagnosing primary headache disorder. The proposed hybrid system is tested on two data sets for diagnosing headache disorder collected from Clinical Centre of Vojvodina in Serbia. (shrink)

Headache disorders can be considered as the predominant neurological condition. In the field of neurological diseases, migraine was estimated to cost a total of €27 billion per year for the loss through reduced work productivity in the European Community. Medical data and information in turn provide knowledge based on which physicians make scientific decisions for diagnosis and treatments. It is, therefore, very useful to create diagnostic tools to help physicians make better decisions. This paper is focused on a new hybrid (...) clustering system combining analytic hierarchy process and weighted fuzzy c-means clustering method for diagnosing children with primary headache disorder. The proposed three-stage hybrid diagnosing system is tested on data set collected from hospitalized children in the Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia. (shrink)

Une dizaine d’années après la publication du travail de référence écrit par Gail Kligman (The politics of duplicity. Controlling reproduction in Ceauşescu’s Romania, 1998), l’ouvrage ci-dessus, paru en 2011, s’inscrit dans la suite du premier volume publié l’année précédente Politica pronatalistă a regimului Ceaușescu. O perpectivă comparativă (La politique pronataliste du régime Ceauşescu. Une approche comparative), coordonné par Corina Doboş, Luciana Jinga et Florin Soare. Tandis que le liv...

Intitulé Lectures de Jean-Luc Marion et composé d'une vingtaine d'articles, le volume assume l'équivocité d'une mise en abîme : lire Marion dans sa propre lecture de la philosophie. Montrer à l'oeuvre le dialogue du philosophe avec l'histoire de la philosophie constitue en effet le pari de ce livre, pari qui fait fond sur l'idée que tel est le chemin même de la philosophie et que ceci est en outre l'accès le plus respectueux que nous pouvons avoir à une oeuvre s'accomplissant (...) sous nos yeux. De Grégoire de Nysse et Denys l'Aréopagite à Derrida, en passant par Descartes, Kant, Nietzsche, Husserl et Heidegger, la pensée de Marion embrasse, approfondit, reprend et réfute les thèmes fondateurs de la métaphysique et de la phénoménologie. L'oeuvre entière de Marion est traversée par sa lecture personnelle et novatrice de la philosophie. Elle se construit en dialogue avec les textes classiques et rend en même temps compte des grands débats théoriques de l'époque qu'elle traverse. Le dialogue est d'ailleurs privilégié aussi dans ce volume, Jean-Luc Marion répondant aux auteurs des études qui lui sont consacrées."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Un renversement topique et plusieurs retournements et contrepoints mythologiques définissent la structure du Phèdre. Régenté par Socrate, ce rythme syncopé de secousse et d’apaisement, propre à une initiation, traverse tout le dialogue. En cartographiant les redressements mythologiques et rhétoriques, les rétractations signifiées par le mouvement palinodique, les retournements de fond (vie/mort, virginité/fécondité) et les traversées de limites indiquées par des détails topographiques et des rituels, on arrive à saisir le tableau dynamique de l’âme que Platon ne définit pas mais met (...) en œuvre en y intégrant son lecteur. (shrink)

L’article tente de saisir le rapport entre exégèse, rhétorique et philosophie dans les textes de Philon à partir d’un angle particulier : l’usage philonien croisé des images bibliques et du rôle spécifique assigné à l’image dans la pensée hellénique. S’il y a chez l’Alexandrin une réflexion sur les vertus du langage déployée entre l’exégèse des textes bibliques et le recours constant aux modèles théoriques de la philosophie, cette réflexion vise explicitement à établir une science, la théologie rationnelle, légitimée par sa (...) fondation sur la lettre biblique et validée en même temps par une démarche et un lexique spécifiquement philosophiques. Or la pratique des images s’inscrit dans cette tentative philonienne de fonder la réflexion théologique sur les rapports de la langue avec les facultés sensibles et intellectives, depuis les figures et les concepts avec lesquels travaille le langage philosophique jusqu’à l’établissement d’un savoir à partir du paradigme des vertus épiphaniques dont la lettre biblique est pourvue. (shrink)

Consacrée à l’analyse de quelques passages du Phèdre, du Banquet et de l’Alcibiade, cette étude rappelle la définition platonicienne du rôle pédagogique de l’amour dans la théorie de la connaissance et dans la pratique du langage. Sa thèse est que le modèle anthropologique et le modèle épistémologique ne peuvent pas être séparés dans la philosophie platonicienne. « Parler » constitue à la fois une communication et une ostension, donc la transitivité du langage n’est pas exempte d’une nécessaire vérité de l’acte, (...) même si cette vérité est celle du phénomène, non celle de l’essence, de la forme ou du principe. Les conséquences de cette unité (présentée comme une rencontre entre la rhétorique et la dialectique) sont d’ordre éthique autant que d’ordre métaphysique. D’une part, l’autonomisation du langage pose comme préalable un rapport de vérité à l’égard de l’autre dans toute détermination d’identité du sujet. Ce rapport de vérité s’exprime ici sous la forme initiatique d’une « mise en présence » : l’accès à soi est conditionné par la transcendance du tout-autre. Acquise par la présence amoureuse à l’égard de l’autre, l’identité n’est donc pas close sur elle-même mais se définit comme relation. D’autre part, la maîtrise d’un langage adéquat au phénomène érotique suppose le dépassement de l’interprétation (« péché contre la mythologie ») et une sortie de l’opposition des contraires (corps‑âme) par la limite assumée (ici la « faiblesse des mots »), sans appeler nécessairement à l’harmonie universelle qui, traditionnellement, cache la domination, voire la suppression du sujet. (shrink)

Le Phèdre est considéré comme un dialogue portant sur le beau. Mais du beau il n’est question qu’à travers trois discours qui portent sur l’amour. La tradition des commentaires du Phèdre, telles les scholies d’Hermias, fait état d’une forme d’initiation qui permet de passer de la beauté singulière d’un corps à la beauté des logoi (éloges, discours amoureux), puis à la connaissance de la seule beauté vraie puisque parfaite, la beauté intelligible. C’est la leçon de Diotime, du Banquet, qui serait (...) ainsi appliquée par Socrate à Phèdre dans le dialogue éponyme afin de transformer la fascination pour la rhétorique en amour de la sagesse et passer de l’imitation des belles paroles à la perfection de l’identité avec le beau dans l’Un. Cependant, la beauté évoquée par Socrate est visible et ne correspond pas à cette perfection de l’identité dans l’intelligible à laquelle aspire l’amant de la sagesse, puisque l’âme l’atteint non par un nécessaire exercice sur elle-même mais par un acte de reconnaissance qui la transcende. À l’inverse de ce qui se produit dans le Banquet, dans le Phèdre ce n’ est pas le beau qui conduit à l’amour, mais l’amour qui prépare l’âme à reconnaître le beau. Parler du beau revient alors à confier à l’âme, et à elle seule dans ce cas, l’accès aux vertus épiphaniques du logos. Ces dialogues sont revisités par Plotin dans deux textes consacrés à la question du beau (Ennéades I, 6, «Sur le Beau» [T.1] et V, 8, «Sur la beauté intelligible» [T.31]). Le modèle du discours amoureux demeure toujours le moyen privilégié pour définir le beau en même temps que pour s’exercer au perfectionnement de soi. Pourquoi la réflexivité de l’éros est-elle appelée à jouer un rôle essentiel à l’égard du beau, cette catégorie appelée plus tard transcendantale? (shrink)

Le Phèdre est considéré comme un dialogue portant sur le beau. Mais du beau il n’est question qu’à travers trois discours qui portent sur l’amour. La tradition des commentaires du Phèdre, telles les scholies d’Hermias, fait état d’une forme d’initiation qui permet de passer de la beauté singulière d’un corps à la beauté des logoi (éloges, discours amoureux), puis à la connaissance de la seule beauté vraie puisque parfaite, la beauté intelligible. C’est la leçon de Diotime, du Banquet, qui serait (...) ainsi appliquée par Socrate à Phèdre dans le dialogue éponyme afin de transformer la fascination pour la rhétorique en amour de la sagesse et passer de l’imitation des belles paroles à la perfection de l’identité avec le beau dans l’Un. Cependant, la beauté évoquée par Socrate est visible et ne correspond pas à cette perfection de l’identité dans l’intelligible à laquelle aspire l’amant de la sagesse, puisque l’âme l’atteint non par un nécessaire exercice sur elle-même mais par un acte de reconnaissance qui la transcende. À l’inverse de ce qui se produit dans le Banquet, dans le Phèdre ce n’ est pas le beau qui conduit à l’amour, mais l’amour qui prépare l’âme à reconnaître le beau. Parler du beau revient alors à confier à l’âme, et à elle seule dans ce cas, l’accès aux vertus épiphaniques du logos. Ces dialogues sont revisités par Plotin dans deux textes consacrés à la question du beau (Ennéades I, 6, «Sur le Beau» [T.1] et V, 8, «Sur la beauté intelligible» [T.31]). Le modèle du discours amoureux demeure toujours le moyen privilégié pour définir le beau en même temps que pour s’exercer au perfectionnement de soi. Pourquoi la réflexivité de l’éros est-elle appelée à jouer un rôle essentiel à l’égard du beau, cette catégorie appelée plus tard transcendantale? (shrink)

Résumé L’image sert à la fois de preuve et d’ argument en faveur de l’unité substantielle entre Dieu, dont Victorinus affirme qu’il n’est pas substance, et le Fils qui a substance, forme et subsistance propres. L’image est ainsi une preuve d’existence pour ce qui ne peut pas être connu autrement. Victorinus y fait appel dans l’analyse de l’engendrement et dans la structure des relations trinitaires, en s’appuyant sur la visibilité des existants. La référence princeps pour l’image comme preuve d’existence se (...) trouve dans un passage du Timée. Mais l’image entre dans la démonstration de la consubstantialité aussi comme un argument qui associe l’acte et la substance, l’existant et l’essence, l’être et la species, sur le modèle dialectique de la puissance et de l’acte. Une application similaire se retrouve chez Plotin qui fait de l’image l’enveloppe de visibilité ou de luminosité des choses, comme une sorte de présence hypostatique participante au principe substantiel des choses. Ces deux fonctions de l’image vont ensemble et ne peuvent pas être séparées, bien qu’elles relèvent en réalité de deux genres d’image ( eikôn-imago et eidos-species ) aussi distincts que leurs fonctions sont différentes sur le plan ontologique et métaphysique. (shrink)

Si le traité Du sublime n’est pas un manuel de tropes, de quoi parle-t-il lorsqu’il cite différentes manières de produire une réalité de parole à même d’arracher le lecteur à sa réalité propre? La réponse la plus brève serait : de la condition même du langage, mais autrement qu’Aristote à travers la théorie de la catharsis. La perte des repères sensibles produite par une émotion suscitée sciemment s’associe avec le mouvement contraire qui vise à stabiliser l’effet en indiquant la source (...) et le but du pathos. Un changement soudain de registre a lieu à travers cet échange. L’émoi dévoile l’âme, tandis que la parole qui produit cet effet participe en même temps de la stabilité implicite à la nature supérieure de l’âme, dont elle montre le caractère universel et transcendant. Merveilleuse ou sublime est alors la parole qui à la fois réveille et éclaire. Plus qu’une question d’usage (et implicitement de style), il s’agit d’une conception selon laquelle le langage est intimement et inextricablement lié à l’âme, étant la plus secrète et la plus fidèle de ses manifestations. C’est donc une théorie de l’âme qui se dégage d’une analyse des liens entre les deux productions conjointes dont il est question dans le traité dit Du sublime – l’effet d’émoi (de stupeur) et celui de clarté (d’évidence hors de doute) –, les deux agissant sur le lecteur pour lui permettre d’atteindre le merveilleux ou le divin qui se tient en lui dès lors qu’il peut le découvrir, mais auquel il n’a accès qu’en suivant le sentier extérieur dessiné par les paroles d’autrui : un maître du logos que l’on entend ou lit. Ce processus est celui que décrit Platon dans le Phèdre. Le traité Du sublime s’appuie sur ce dernier de manière tantôt explicite et tantôt subtile, en recourant au pouvoir du langage de fabriquer et de montrer des images. Le but de notre étude est d’indiquer certaines traces du Phèdre dans le texte de la moitié du i er s. afin d’orienter la lecture vers la nature plutôt philosophique que stylistique du traité sur le sublime. En retour, ce dernier pourrait constituer un repère dans la compréhension du rôle assigné au Phèdre dans un moment charnière de l’héritage de l’Académie, celui qui inaugure l’époque dite du moyen platonisme. (shrink)

Le Phèdre est considéré comme un dialogue portant sur le beau. Mais du beau il n’est question qu’à travers trois discours qui portent sur l’amour. La tradition des commentaires du Phèdre, telles les scholies d’Hermias, fait état d’une forme d’initiation qui permet de passer de la beauté singulière d’un corps à la beauté des logoi (éloges, discours amoureux), puis à la connaissance de la seule beauté vraie puisque parfaite, la beauté intelligible. C’est la leçon de Diotime, du Banquet, qui serait (...) ainsi appliquée par Socrate à Phèdre dans le dialogue éponyme afin de transformer la fascination pour la rhétorique en amour de la sagesse et passer de l’imitation des belles paroles à la perfection de l’identité avec le beau dans l’Un. Cependant, la beauté évoquée par Socrate est visible et ne correspond pas à cette perfection de l’identité dans l’intelligible à laquelle aspire l’amant de la sagesse, puisque l’âme l’atteint non par un nécessaire exercice sur elle-même mais par un acte de reconnaissance qui la transcende. À l’inverse de ce qui se produit dans le Banquet, dans le Phèdre ce n’ est pas le beau qui conduit à l’amour, mais l’amour qui prépare l’âme à reconnaître le beau. Parler du beau revient alors à confier à l’âme, et à elle seule dans ce cas, l’accès aux vertus épiphaniques du logos. Ces dialogues sont revisités par Plotin dans deux textes consacrés à la question du beau (Ennéades I, 6, «Sur le Beau» [T.1] et V, 8, «Sur la beauté intelligible» [T.31]). Le modèle du discours amoureux demeure toujours le moyen privilégié pour définir le beau en même temps que pour s’exercer au perfectionnement de soi. Pourquoi la réflexivité de l’éros est-elle appelée à jouer un rôle essentiel à l’égard du beau, cette catégorie appelée plus tard transcendantale? (shrink)

Hans-Georg GADAMER, Hermeneutische Entwürfe. Vorträge und Aufsätze ; Pascal MICHON, Poétique d’une anti-anthropologie: l’herméneutique deGadamer ; Robert J. DOSTAL, The Cambridge Companion to Gadamer ; Denis SERON, Le problème de la métaphysique. Recherches sur l’interprétation heideggerienne de Platon et d’Aristote ; Henry MALDINEY, Ouvrir le rien. L’art nu ; Dominique JANICAUD, Heidegger en France, I. Récit; II. Entretiens ; Maurice MERLEAU-PONTY, Fenomenologia percepţiei ; Trish GLAZEBROOK, Heidegger’s Philosophy of Science ; Richard WOLIN, Heidegger’s Children. Hannah Arendt, Karl Löwith, Hans Jonas (...) and Herbert Marcuse ; Ivo DEGENNARO, Logos – Heidegger liest Heraklit ; O. K. WIEGAND, R. J. DOSTAL, L. EMBREE, J. KOCKELMANS and J. N. MOHANTY, Phenomenology on Kant, German Idealism, Hermeneutics and Logic ; James FAULCONER and Mark WRATHALL, Appropriating Heidegger. (shrink)

There is wide agreement that children have human rights, and that their human rights differ from those of adults. What explains this difference which is, at least at first glance, puzzling, given that human rights are meant to be universal? The puzzle can be dispelled by identifying what unites children’s and adults’ rights as human rights. Here I seek to answer the question of children’s human rights – that is, rights they have merely in virtue of being human and of (...) being children – by exploring how children’s interests are different from adults’, and how respect for children’s and adults’ moral status yields different practical requirements. If human rights protect interests, then children have many, but not all, of the human rights of adults, and, in addition, have some human rights that adults lack. I discuss the way in which children’s human rights, as I conceive of them here are, or fail to be, reflected in the law; as an illustration, I use the most important legal document listing children’s rights, namely the 1990 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. (shrink)

Women continue to be in charge of most childrearing; men continue to be responsible for most breadwinning. There is no consensus on whether this state of affairs, and the informal norms that encourage it, are matters of justice to be tackled by state action. Feminists have criticized political liberalism for its alleged inability to embrace a full feminist agenda, inability explained by political liberals’ commitment to the ideal of state neutrality. The debate continues on whether neutral states can accommodate two (...) feminist demands: to enact policies aimed at dismantling the feminization of caregiving, especially childrearing, and to compensate women for some of the disadvantages they incur by being primary care-givers. I contribute to this debate with three arguments in support of policies meant to de-gender care-giving and compensate care-givers. The first appeals to equality of opportunity to positions of advantage and justifies policies that prevent or mitigate statistical discrimination and implicit biases. The second draws attention to a possible causal relationship between the specialization of women in early childcare and misogyny; since the latter is incompatible with political liberal justice, it yields the conclusion that political liberals ought to further investigate the causal hypothesis with the aim of establishing or refuting it. The third argument concludes that legitimate childrearing prohibits adults from socializing children or, at least girls, into gender norms; it justifies duties of justice on the side of parents, educators, and economic agents, and state policies meant to offset foreseeable breaches of some of these duties. (shrink)

This is a study of the nature of time. In it, redeploying an argument first presented by McTaggart, the author argues that although time itself is real, tense is not. He accounts for the appearance of the reality of tense - our sense of the passage of time, and the fact that our experience occurs in the present - by showing how time is indispensable as a condition of action. Time itself is further analysed, and Dr Mellor gives answers to (...) most of the metaphysical questions it provokes, concerning the relation of time to space, the dissection of time, and its relation to change and causation. (shrink)

This chapter explores a so-far neglected way of avoiding the bads of loneliness: by learning to value solitude, where that is understood as a state of ‘keeping oneself company’, as J. David Velleman puts it. Unlike loneliness, solitude need not involve any deprivation, whether subjective or objective. This chapter considers the various goods to which solitude is constitutive or instrumental, with a focus on the promise that proper valuing of solitude holds for combating loneliness. The overall argument is this: If (...) loneliness significantly detracts from individual wellbeing, and if the ability to value solitude protects against loneliness, then such an ability is obviously valuable to human flourishing. If, further, loneliness raises concerns of justice, then supporting people’s ability to value solitude is a way to implement a desideratum of justice. Individuals can cultivate their ability to value solitude, an ability that others can promote or hinder. (shrink)

According to Brehm's intensity of emotion theory, if an emotion has motivational properties, its intensity should be non-monotonically affected by factors similar to those determining the intensity of motivational states. These factors are called deterrents. In the case of emotion, one category of deterrents consists of factors that can potentially interfere with feeling the emotion, such as reasons for not feeling the emotion. Two experiments were carried out to examine whether happiness is a motivational state and, thus, if its intensity (...) is non-monotonically determined by the importance of reasons for not feeling happy. We expected happiness to be reduced by a low importance reason for not feeling happy, to remain high in the presence of a moderately important reason, and to be reduced or eliminated by a very important reason. Both experiments supported the cubic function that results from these expectations, and when the results of the two studies were combined, each of the individual legs of the cubic function was found to be reliable along with the cubic function itself. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed. (shrink)

This article brings into relief two desiderata in childrearing, the importance of which the pandemic has made clearer than ever. The first is to ensure that, in schools as well as outside them, children have ample opportunities to enjoy goods that are particular to childhood: unstructured time, to be spent playing with other children, discovering the world in company or alone, or indeed pursuing any of the creative activities that make children happy and help them learn. I refer to these (...) as “special goods of childhood.” The second desiderata is to turn childrearing into a more communal practice, with lesser parental monopoly of care. For this, we need to give children access to multiple caring adults, and thus more opportunities to form secure and protected relationships. (shrink)

Childhood looms large in our understanding of human life as it is a phase through which all adults have passed. Childhood is foundational to the development of selfhood, the formation of interests, values and skills and to the lifespan as a whole. Understanding what it is like to be a child, and what differences childhood makes, are essential for any broader understanding of the human condition. The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Childhood and Children is an outstanding reference source (...) to the key topics, problems and debates in this exciting subject and is the first collection of its kind. Comprising over thirty chapters by a team of international contributors the Handbook is divided into five parts: ¿ Being a child ¿ Childhood and moral status ¿ Parents and children ¿ Children in society ¿ Children and the state. Questions covered include: What is a child? Is childhood a uniquely valuable state, and if so why? Can we generalize about the goods of childhood? What rights do children have, and are they different from adults¿ rights? What gives people a right to parent? What role, if any, ought biology to play in determining who has the right to parent a particular child? What kind of rights can parents legitimately exercise over their children? What roles do relationships with siblings and friends play in the shaping of childhoods? How should we think about sexuality and disabilility in childhood, and about racialised children? How should society manage the education of children, and what values should inform such practices? What is a good school? How are children¿s lives affected by being taken into social care? The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Childhood and Children is essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of childhood, political philosophy and ethics as well as those in related disciplines such as education, psychology, sociology, social policy, law, social work, youth work, neuroscience and anthropology. (shrink)

Family relationships are often believed to have a unique value; this is reflected both in the special expectations that family members have from each other and in the various ways in which states protect family relationships. Commitment appears to set apart family relationships from other close relationships; however, commitment is in fact present in other close relationships. I conclude that family relationships do not have any special value; love does. In the case of families with children, however, a high degree (...) of commitment between adults may be useful or even necessary for advancing children's wellbeing. This could be a reason to give special protection to relationships between co-parents. (shrink)

What would the institution of the family look like, if it were reformed according to republican desiderata? Would it even survive such re-shaping?

This article intends to show the distance between work-life balance as a political and social issue at the EU and Romanian level, through the lens of the local gender equality policies following the process of EU accession. The article provides, in its first part, a brief presentation of the main theoretical axes structuring the available literature, followed up by the analysis of the occurrence of the work-life balance issue at the European level. Then the study examines the normative dimension of (...) work-life balance in post-communist Romania, seeking to understand to what extent work-life balance policies have been designed and implemented in the last 25 years. (shrink)

The present article investigates how psychological theories of morality approach the relation between morality and religion, debating the role religion plays in human moral development in contemporary societies. Firstly, we critically discuss how the major approaches of morality in psychological theory and research view human moral conduct and moral reasoning. Secondly, we appraise cultural psychology conceptualizations of morality, depicting how they fit religion in a relativist approach on what is moral. Thirdly, capitalizing on the findings of cross-cultural research regarding the (...) relation between morality and religion, we debate and present a pilot study on directions in researching the relation between religion and a psychological approach of morality. (shrink)

We review the hypothesis that the brain uses a generative model to explain the causes of sensory inputs, using prediction schemes that operate based upon assimilation of time-series sensory data. We put this hypothesis in the context of psychopathology, in particular, schizophrenia's positive symptoms. Building upon work of Helmholtz and upon theories in computational cognitive processing, we hypothesize that delusions in schizophrenia can be explained in terms of false inference. An impairment in inferring appropriate information from the sensory input reflects (...) upon the ability to assess the environment and predict outcomes. Although the inference mechanism likely involves both conscious and unconscious processes, we hypothesize that the trigger of delusions may lie within the unconscious neural pathways. A collection of computational predictive codes have been proposed for modeling perception. We discuss two examples, which may be eligible as substrates for intuitive coding. We argue that failure of the psychotic patient to choose the correct computational scheme, or the optimal range of parameters, may readily lead to an altered reconstruction of the object and false inference, feeding into the delusion mechanism. We finally propose using these models in conjunction with cognitive and imaging data, in order to obtain more testable predictions. (shrink)

The chapter advances two claims: first, that commitment to one’s spouse is only instrumentally valuable, adding no intrinsic value to the relationship. Moreover, commitment has costs: it partially forecloses the future, thus making one less attentive to life’s possibilities; therefore, it would be desirable for people to achieve the same goods without commitment. The second, more ambitious, claim is that commitment in general, and marital commitments in particular, are problematic instruments for securing the good of romantic and sexual love. It (...) makes sense to prefer that another person’s (perhaps especially, romantic or sexual) love for you is sustained by inclination rather than commitment. In addition, the pragmatic reasons for commitment are weak in relation to activities that, ideally, are process-oriented rather than goal-oriented—such as loving another person. (shrink)

Not so long ago, a well institutionalized predatory journal exposed itself by publishing a hoax article that blew the whistle for its devastating influence on the academic affairs of a small country. This paper puts that experiment in context, gives all the important details and analyzes the results. The experiment was inspired by well-known cases of scientific activism and is in line with recent efforts against predatory publishers. The paper presents the evidence in detail and uses it to analyze the (...) publishing practices of the offending journal, using established criteria for assessing predatory publications. That journal somehow acquired an impact factor and charged money to publish thousands of “scientific” papers without any peer review. Since the impact factor is the major official evaluation criteria for scientists in Serbia, these papers disturbed the whole academic evaluation process. Credentials acquired by those publications form a strong obstacle to institutionalized reasoned efforts against such practices. This case warns the whole community of the long lasting damage when journals with low publishing ethics are taken seriously. (shrink)

D. D. Raphael examines the moral philosophy of Adam Smith (1723-90), best known for his famous work on economics, The Wealth of Nations, and shows that his thought still has much to offer philosophers today. Raphael gives particular attention to Smith's original theory of conscience, with its emphasis on the role of 'sympathy' (shared feelings).

Uncovering an archive of laughter, from the forbidden giggle to the explosive guffaw.